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Original Research 
RMJ. 2025; 50(4): 889-892


Distribution and frequency analysis of Anti-Phospholipid Antibodies in Transfusion-Dependent β-Thalassemia Major patients

Farheen Shaikh, Muhammad Rafiq Rafiq, Mahadev Malhi, Shafaq Ansari, Qurat-ul-ain, Moona Shaikh.


Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the frequency of anti-phospholipid antibodies (APA), including lupus anticoagulant (LA) and anti-cardiolipin antibodies (ACA), in transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia major patients.
Methodology: This cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted at the Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), University of Sindh, Jamshoro, in collaboration with the Department of Pathology, Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan. A total of 242 patients with β-thalassemia major who had received 20 or more transfusions were assessed for the occurrence of APA associated with various medical and haemostatics lab values.
Results: Nearly 32% experienced mild bleeding, and 23% had bruising. LA was observed in 44.2% of patients, with a significantly higher transfusion rate in LA-positive patients (156.3±29) compared to LA-negative patients (72.9±31). Prolonged PT and APTT were also noted in LA-positive patients. IgM-ACA was identified in 17.4% of patients, with higher transfusion needs (165.3±49) compared to IgM-ACA negative patients (94.6±36). Significant associations were found between IgM-ACA and coagulation parameters, platelet count, RBCs, and hemoglobin levels.
Conclusion: Early monitoring of APA and LA may reduce transfusion requirements and thrombosis progression, improving patient outcomes and financial burdens.

Key words: Antiphospholipid antibodies, lupus antibodies, anticardiolipin antibodies, β-thalassemia.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Shaikh F, Rafiq MR, Malhi M, Ansari S, Qurat-ul-ain , Shaikh M. Distribution and frequency analysis of Anti-Phospholipid Antibodies in Transfusion-Dependent β-Thalassemia Major patients. RMJ. 2025; 50(4): 889-892.

Web Style

Shaikh F, Rafiq MR, Malhi M, Ansari S, Qurat-ul-ain , Shaikh M. Distribution and frequency analysis of Anti-Phospholipid Antibodies in Transfusion-Dependent β-Thalassemia Major patients. https://www.rmj.org.pk/?mno=195917 [Access: October 29, 2025].

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Shaikh F, Rafiq MR, Malhi M, Ansari S, Qurat-ul-ain , Shaikh M. Distribution and frequency analysis of Anti-Phospholipid Antibodies in Transfusion-Dependent β-Thalassemia Major patients. RMJ. 2025; 50(4): 889-892.


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Shaikh F, Rafiq MR, Malhi M, Ansari S, Qurat-ul-ain , Shaikh M. Distribution and frequency analysis of Anti-Phospholipid Antibodies in Transfusion-Dependent β-Thalassemia Major patients. RMJ. (2025), [cited October 29, 2025]; 50(4): 889-892.


Harvard Style

Shaikh, F., Rafiq, . M. R., Malhi, . M., Ansari, . S., Qurat-ul-ain, . & Shaikh, . M. (2025) Distribution and frequency analysis of Anti-Phospholipid Antibodies in Transfusion-Dependent β-Thalassemia Major patients. RMJ, 50 (4), 889-892.


Turabian Style

Shaikh, Farheen, Muhammad Rafiq Rafiq, Mahadev Malhi, Shafaq Ansari, Qurat-ul-ain, and Moona Shaikh. 2025. Distribution and frequency analysis of Anti-Phospholipid Antibodies in Transfusion-Dependent β-Thalassemia Major patients. Rawal Medical Journal, 50 (4), 889-892.


Chicago Style

Shaikh, Farheen, Muhammad Rafiq Rafiq, Mahadev Malhi, Shafaq Ansari, Qurat-ul-ain, and Moona Shaikh. "Distribution and frequency analysis of Anti-Phospholipid Antibodies in Transfusion-Dependent β-Thalassemia Major patients." Rawal Medical Journal 50 (2025), 889-892.


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Shaikh, Farheen, Muhammad Rafiq Rafiq, Mahadev Malhi, Shafaq Ansari, Qurat-ul-ain, and Moona Shaikh. "Distribution and frequency analysis of Anti-Phospholipid Antibodies in Transfusion-Dependent β-Thalassemia Major patients." Rawal Medical Journal 50.4 (2025), 889-892. Print.


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Shaikh, F., Rafiq, . M. R., Malhi, . M., Ansari, . S., Qurat-ul-ain, . & Shaikh, . M. (2025) Distribution and frequency analysis of Anti-Phospholipid Antibodies in Transfusion-Dependent β-Thalassemia Major patients. Rawal Medical Journal, 50 (4), 889-892.


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