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2026, Vol: 51, Issue: 1
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Original Research 
RMJ. 2026; 51(1): 231-237


Maternal educational status and employment as determinants of breastfeeding and bottle-feeding behaviors

Mannal Sohail, Ayesha Noor, Faiza F Chishti, Amjad H Wyne.


Abstract
Objectives: To investigate the association of breastfeeding and bottle-feeding behaviors with maternal education and employment status among mothers of preschool-aged children.
Methodology: A transversal study was conducted among mothers in the gynecology and pediatrics departments of eight urban hospitals. Mothers with at least one child aged between one to five years were interviewed using a specially designed instrument on demographics and feeding practices. Data were analysed to determine any association of feeding behaviors with maternal education and employment status.
Results: Four hundred mothers participated in the study. Their children ranged in age from 12 to 60 months. The majority of the mothers reported both breastfeeding (85.3%) and bottle-feeding (82.8%) their children. Compared to mothers with higher education, those with lower educational attainment were significantly more likely to bottle-feed their children on demand (p<0.001), use cow’s milk instead of milk formula (p<0.001), and added sugar to bottle milk (p<0.001). Working mothers discontinued breastfeeding significantly earlier than the housewives (p=0.036). The housewives were significantly more likely to add sugar to the bottle milk (p=0.005).
Conclusions: Maternal education and employment status significantly influenced breastfeeding and bottle-feeding behaviors among mothers of the preschool children.

Key words: Breast feeding, bottle feeding, mothers, educational status, employment.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Sohail M, Noor A, Chishti FF, Wyne AH. Maternal educational status and employment as determinants of breastfeeding and bottle-feeding behaviors. RMJ. 2026; 51(1): 231-237.

Web Style

Sohail M, Noor A, Chishti FF, Wyne AH. Maternal educational status and employment as determinants of breastfeeding and bottle-feeding behaviors. https://www.rmj.org.pk/?mno=279218 [Access: February 21, 2026].

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Sohail M, Noor A, Chishti FF, Wyne AH. Maternal educational status and employment as determinants of breastfeeding and bottle-feeding behaviors. RMJ. 2026; 51(1): 231-237.


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Sohail M, Noor A, Chishti FF, Wyne AH. Maternal educational status and employment as determinants of breastfeeding and bottle-feeding behaviors. RMJ. (2026), [cited February 21, 2026]; 51(1): 231-237.


Harvard Style

Sohail, M., Noor, . A., Chishti, . F. F. & Wyne, . A. H. (2026) Maternal educational status and employment as determinants of breastfeeding and bottle-feeding behaviors. RMJ, 51 (1), 231-237.


Turabian Style

Sohail, Mannal, Ayesha Noor, Faiza F Chishti, and Amjad H Wyne. 2026. Maternal educational status and employment as determinants of breastfeeding and bottle-feeding behaviors. Rawal Medical Journal, 51 (1), 231-237.


Chicago Style

Sohail, Mannal, Ayesha Noor, Faiza F Chishti, and Amjad H Wyne. "Maternal educational status and employment as determinants of breastfeeding and bottle-feeding behaviors." Rawal Medical Journal 51 (2026), 231-237.


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Sohail, Mannal, Ayesha Noor, Faiza F Chishti, and Amjad H Wyne. "Maternal educational status and employment as determinants of breastfeeding and bottle-feeding behaviors." Rawal Medical Journal 51.1 (2026), 231-237. Print.


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Sohail, M., Noor, . A., Chishti, . F. F. & Wyne, . A. H. (2026) Maternal educational status and employment as determinants of breastfeeding and bottle-feeding behaviors. Rawal Medical Journal, 51 (1), 231-237.


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