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Original Research 
RMJ. 2024; 49(4): 984-987


Effects of olfactory stimulation with the scents of citrus essential oils on metabolic parameters in high-fat diet fed male rats

Sidra Arshad, Muhammad Usman Bashir, Barkat Ullah Khan, Faiza Ikram, Javaria Sharafat, Iqra Imtiaz.


Abstract
Objective: To determine and compare the effects of olfactory stimulation with Citrus paradisi (grapefruit) and Citrus limon (lemon) essential oils on metabolic parameters in high-fat diet fed male Wistar rats.
Methodology: This quasi-experimental study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, CMH Multan Institute of Medical Sciences, from September to November 2019, in two phases of four weeks each. A total of 90 male Wistar rats were divided into three equal-sized groups. All groups were fed a high-fat diet in both the phases and olfactory stimulation was carried out in the second phase. Group A was stimulated with the scent of water (control), Group B with the scent of Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) essential oil and Group C with the scent of Lemon (Citrus limon) essential oil daily for 15 minutes for 28 days. Body weight gain, daily food intake, fasting serum glucose, and lipids were measured and analyzed.
Results: Significantly reduced daily food intake and weight gain (p<0.05) were observed for groups that underwent olfactory stimulation. Serum glucose and most of the serum lipids were significantly reduced (p<0.05) with Citrus paradisi stimulation, whereas a significant reduction (p<0.05) in serum cholesterol, and triglycerides was found in the Citrus limon essential oil group.
Conclusion: Olfactory stimulation with the scent of Citrus paradisi and Citrus limon essential oils significantly reduced physical metabolic parameters, whereas the odor of Citrus paradisi essential oil significantly reduced a greater number of chemical metabolic parameters in high-fat diet-fed male Wistar rats.

Key words: Citrus paradisi, citrus limon, essential oil, food intake, high-fat diet, olfaction.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Arshad S, Bashir MU, Khan BU, Ikram F, Sharafat J, Imtiaz I. Effects of olfactory stimulation with the scents of citrus essential oils on metabolic parameters in high-fat diet fed male rats. RMJ. 2024; 49(4): 984-987.

Web Style

Arshad S, Bashir MU, Khan BU, Ikram F, Sharafat J, Imtiaz I. Effects of olfactory stimulation with the scents of citrus essential oils on metabolic parameters in high-fat diet fed male rats. https://www.rmj.org.pk/?mno=186387 [Access: November 17, 2024].

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Arshad S, Bashir MU, Khan BU, Ikram F, Sharafat J, Imtiaz I. Effects of olfactory stimulation with the scents of citrus essential oils on metabolic parameters in high-fat diet fed male rats. RMJ. 2024; 49(4): 984-987.


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Arshad S, Bashir MU, Khan BU, Ikram F, Sharafat J, Imtiaz I. Effects of olfactory stimulation with the scents of citrus essential oils on metabolic parameters in high-fat diet fed male rats. RMJ. (2024), [cited November 17, 2024]; 49(4): 984-987.


Harvard Style

Arshad, S., Bashir, . M. U., Khan, . B. U., Ikram, . F., Sharafat, . J. & Imtiaz, . I. (2024) Effects of olfactory stimulation with the scents of citrus essential oils on metabolic parameters in high-fat diet fed male rats. RMJ, 49 (4), 984-987.


Turabian Style

Arshad, Sidra, Muhammad Usman Bashir, Barkat Ullah Khan, Faiza Ikram, Javaria Sharafat, and Iqra Imtiaz. 2024. Effects of olfactory stimulation with the scents of citrus essential oils on metabolic parameters in high-fat diet fed male rats. Rawal Medical Journal, 49 (4), 984-987.


Chicago Style

Arshad, Sidra, Muhammad Usman Bashir, Barkat Ullah Khan, Faiza Ikram, Javaria Sharafat, and Iqra Imtiaz. "Effects of olfactory stimulation with the scents of citrus essential oils on metabolic parameters in high-fat diet fed male rats." Rawal Medical Journal 49 (2024), 984-987.


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Arshad, Sidra, Muhammad Usman Bashir, Barkat Ullah Khan, Faiza Ikram, Javaria Sharafat, and Iqra Imtiaz. "Effects of olfactory stimulation with the scents of citrus essential oils on metabolic parameters in high-fat diet fed male rats." Rawal Medical Journal 49.4 (2024), 984-987. Print.


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Arshad, S., Bashir, . M. U., Khan, . B. U., Ikram, . F., Sharafat, . J. & Imtiaz, . I. (2024) Effects of olfactory stimulation with the scents of citrus essential oils on metabolic parameters in high-fat diet fed male rats. Rawal Medical Journal, 49 (4), 984-987.


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