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Original Research
Online Published: 29 Oct 2026
 
RMJ. 2026; 51(4): 949-952

doi: 10.5455/rmj.20260829082751


Prevalence of endocrine disorders among thalassemia major pediatric patients in Sulaimani city, Iraq

Dalya Bikhtiyar Jalal, Taha O. Mahwi, Aso Faeq Salih.


Abstract
Objective: To determine the prevalence and spectrum of endocrine disorders among pediatric transfusion-dependent beta-thalassemia major (BTM) patients in Sulaimani City, Iraq.
Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Sulaimani Thalassemia Center from September 2024 to March 2025. One hundred fifty BTM patients aged 6–18 years on regular transfusion and chelation were enrolled. Comprehensive endocrine laboratory investigations were carried out.
Results: Mean age was 12.33±3.10 years; 56.7% were males. Parental consanguinity was noted in 52.7%. Mean ferritin was 1568.93±1054.98 ng/ml. Growth hormone deficiency was most prevalent (30.0%), followed by subclinical hypothyroidism (20.7%), delayed puberty (9.3%), hypoparathyroidism (8.0%), and overt hypothyroidism (3.3%). Diabetes mellitus occurred in 0.66%. No adrenal insufficiency was found. Hypogonadotropic patterns were observed in 21.4% of females and 14.2% of males with delayed puberty.
Conclusion: Endocrine disorders are highly prevalent in pediatric BTM patients, necessitating routine endocrine screening and multidisciplinary care for early detection and improved outcomes.

Key words: Adolescent development, blood transfusion, chelation therapy, gonadal disorders.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Jalal DB, Mahwi TO, Salih AF. Prevalence of endocrine disorders among thalassemia major pediatric patients in Sulaimani city, Iraq. RMJ. 2026; 51(4): 949-952.

doi:10.5455/rmj.20260829082751

Web Style

Jalal DB, Mahwi TO, Salih AF. Prevalence of endocrine disorders among thalassemia major pediatric patients in Sulaimani city, Iraq. https://www.rmj.org.pk/?mno=332985 [Access: November 11, 2026].

doi:10.5455/rmj.20260829082751

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Jalal DB, Mahwi TO, Salih AF. Prevalence of endocrine disorders among thalassemia major pediatric patients in Sulaimani city, Iraq. RMJ. 2026; 51(4): 949-952.


doi:10.5455/rmj.20260829082751

Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Jalal DB, Mahwi TO, Salih AF. Prevalence of endocrine disorders among thalassemia major pediatric patients in Sulaimani city, Iraq. RMJ. (2026), [cited November 11, 2026]; 51(4): 949-952.


doi:10.5455/rmj.20260829082751

Harvard Style

Jalal, D. B., Mahwi, . T. O. & Salih, . A. F. (2026) Prevalence of endocrine disorders among thalassemia major pediatric patients in Sulaimani city, Iraq. RMJ, 51 (4), 949-952.


doi:10.5455/rmj.20260829082751

Turabian Style

Jalal, Dalya Bikhtiyar, Taha O. Mahwi, and Aso Faeq Salih. 2026. Prevalence of endocrine disorders among thalassemia major pediatric patients in Sulaimani city, Iraq. Rawal Medical Journal, 51 (4), 949-952.


doi:10.5455/rmj.20260829082751

Chicago Style

Jalal, Dalya Bikhtiyar, Taha O. Mahwi, and Aso Faeq Salih. "Prevalence of endocrine disorders among thalassemia major pediatric patients in Sulaimani city, Iraq." Rawal Medical Journal 51 (2026), 949-952.


doi:10.5455/rmj.20260829082751

MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Jalal, Dalya Bikhtiyar, Taha O. Mahwi, and Aso Faeq Salih. "Prevalence of endocrine disorders among thalassemia major pediatric patients in Sulaimani city, Iraq." Rawal Medical Journal 51.4 (2026), 949-952. Print.


doi:10.5455/rmj.20260829082751

APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Jalal, D. B., Mahwi, . T. O. & Salih, . A. F. (2026) Prevalence of endocrine disorders among thalassemia major pediatric patients in Sulaimani city, Iraq. Rawal Medical Journal, 51 (4), 949-952.


doi:10.5455/rmj.20260829082751

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