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Original Research 


Chemical Composition of Non-Infected Upper Urinary Tract Calculi

Ahmad Rahman, * Khalid Farooq Danish, *afsheen Zafar, *ashfaq Ahmad, **a. Rashid Chaudhry.


Abstract
Objectives: To document the chemical composition of urinary calculi at our institution.
Methods: This descriptive study was conducted at Urology Department, Rawalpindi
General Hospital, and IIMC-T Railway General Hospital, Rawalpindi. It included 428
patients under going surgery or receiving Extracorporial Shock Wave Lithotripsy
(ESWL) for urinary calculi over a period of 3.5 years. All patients were screened for
urinary tract infection by urine routine examination, urine culture and ultrasonography.
Stones/fragment or gravel retrieved were sent for chemical analysis.
Results: Calcium was present in 92% calculi. Out of these, 34% were pure calcium
oxalate calculi. Struvite stones were 5%, pure uric acid calculi 3% whereas mixed calculi
containing urates were 37%. There were no cysteine stones found in this study.
Conclusion: Calcium containing mixed stones remain the commonest variety of renal
calculi encountered in this study. (Rawal Med J 2008;33:54-55).

Key words: Urolithiasis, Pakistan, stone chemical composition.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Rahman A, Danish KF, Zafar A, Ahmad A, Chaudhry AR. Chemical Composition of Non-Infected Upper Urinary Tract Calculi. RMJ. 2008; 33(1): 56-57.

Web Style

Rahman A, Danish KF, Zafar A, Ahmad A, Chaudhry AR. Chemical Composition of Non-Infected Upper Urinary Tract Calculi. https://www.rmj.org.pk/?mno=7542 [Access: October 30, 2025].

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Rahman A, Danish KF, Zafar A, Ahmad A, Chaudhry AR. Chemical Composition of Non-Infected Upper Urinary Tract Calculi. RMJ. 2008; 33(1): 56-57.


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Rahman A, Danish KF, Zafar A, Ahmad A, Chaudhry AR. Chemical Composition of Non-Infected Upper Urinary Tract Calculi. RMJ. (2008), [cited October 30, 2025]; 33(1): 56-57.


Harvard Style

Rahman, A., Danish, . K. F., Zafar, . A., Ahmad, . A. & Chaudhry, . A. R. (2008) Chemical Composition of Non-Infected Upper Urinary Tract Calculi. RMJ, 33 (1), 56-57.


Turabian Style

Rahman, Ahmad, Khalid Farooq Danish, Afsheen Zafar, Ashfaq Ahmad, and A. Rashid Chaudhry. 2008. Chemical Composition of Non-Infected Upper Urinary Tract Calculi. Rawal Medical Journal, 33 (1), 56-57.


Chicago Style

Rahman, Ahmad, Khalid Farooq Danish, Afsheen Zafar, Ashfaq Ahmad, and A. Rashid Chaudhry. "Chemical Composition of Non-Infected Upper Urinary Tract Calculi." Rawal Medical Journal 33 (2008), 56-57.


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Rahman, Ahmad, Khalid Farooq Danish, Afsheen Zafar, Ashfaq Ahmad, and A. Rashid Chaudhry. "Chemical Composition of Non-Infected Upper Urinary Tract Calculi." Rawal Medical Journal 33.1 (2008), 56-57. Print.


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Rahman, A., Danish, . K. F., Zafar, . A., Ahmad, . A. & Chaudhry, . A. R. (2008) Chemical Composition of Non-Infected Upper Urinary Tract Calculi. Rawal Medical Journal, 33 (1), 56-57.


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