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Original Research
Online Published: 29 Oct 2026
 
RMJ. 2026; 51(4): 1047-1050

doi: 10.5455/rmj.20260720064329


Association between self-esteem and antenatal anxiety among Generation Z women during late pregnancy: A cross-sectional study

Donna Threia Amandri, Nur Elly, Dwi Wulandari, Husni Husni.


Abstract
Objective: To examine the association between self-esteem and antenatal anxiety among Generation Z women during late pregnancy in Bengkulu City, Indonesia.
Methodology: This cross-sectional study included 108 third-trimester Generation Z pregnant women recruited through purposive sampling from three independent midwifery practices. Self-esteem, antenatal anxiety, husband support, and digital health literacy were assessed using the RSES, PRAQ-R2, a husband support questionnaire, and eHEALS, respectively. Data were analyzed using Chi-square/Fisher’s Exact tests and binary logistic regression with the Backward Likelihood Ratio method.
Results: Low self-esteem was found in 99 (91.7%) participants, while 89 (82.4%) had higher antenatal anxiety. Low self-esteem was significantly associated with higher antenatal anxiety in bivariate analysis (OR=25.375; 95% CI=4.713–136.613; p<0.001). In the final multivariable model, higher husband support (AOR=0.060; 95% CI=0.005–0.673; p=0.023) and adequate digital health literacy (AOR=0.069; 95% CI=0.010–0.482; p=0.007) were associated with lower odds of higher antenatal anxiety. Self-esteem was not retained in the final model.
Conclusion: Low self-esteem was associated with higher antenatal anxiety in bivariate analysis, but independent association was not demonstrated after adjustment. The adjusted findings should be interpreted cautiously because of small exposure categories and wide confidence intervals.

Key words: Antenatal anxiety, self-esteem, Generation Z, pregnancy, digital health literacy.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Amandri DT, Elly N, Wulandari D, Husni H. Association between self-esteem and antenatal anxiety among Generation Z women during late pregnancy: A cross-sectional study. RMJ. 2026; 51(4): 1047-1050.

doi:10.5455/rmj.20260720064329

Web Style

Amandri DT, Elly N, Wulandari D, Husni H. Association between self-esteem and antenatal anxiety among Generation Z women during late pregnancy: A cross-sectional study. https://www.rmj.org.pk/?mno=328353 [Access: November 11, 2026].

doi:10.5455/rmj.20260720064329

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Amandri DT, Elly N, Wulandari D, Husni H. Association between self-esteem and antenatal anxiety among Generation Z women during late pregnancy: A cross-sectional study. RMJ. 2026; 51(4): 1047-1050.


doi:10.5455/rmj.20260720064329

Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Amandri DT, Elly N, Wulandari D, Husni H. Association between self-esteem and antenatal anxiety among Generation Z women during late pregnancy: A cross-sectional study. RMJ. (2026), [cited November 11, 2026]; 51(4): 1047-1050.


doi:10.5455/rmj.20260720064329

Harvard Style

Amandri, D. T., Elly, . N., Wulandari, . D. & Husni, . H. (2026) Association between self-esteem and antenatal anxiety among Generation Z women during late pregnancy: A cross-sectional study. RMJ, 51 (4), 1047-1050.


doi:10.5455/rmj.20260720064329

Turabian Style

Amandri, Donna Threia, Nur Elly, Dwi Wulandari, and Husni Husni. 2026. Association between self-esteem and antenatal anxiety among Generation Z women during late pregnancy: A cross-sectional study. Rawal Medical Journal, 51 (4), 1047-1050.


doi:10.5455/rmj.20260720064329

Chicago Style

Amandri, Donna Threia, Nur Elly, Dwi Wulandari, and Husni Husni. "Association between self-esteem and antenatal anxiety among Generation Z women during late pregnancy: A cross-sectional study." Rawal Medical Journal 51 (2026), 1047-1050.


doi:10.5455/rmj.20260720064329

MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Amandri, Donna Threia, Nur Elly, Dwi Wulandari, and Husni Husni. "Association between self-esteem and antenatal anxiety among Generation Z women during late pregnancy: A cross-sectional study." Rawal Medical Journal 51.4 (2026), 1047-1050. Print.


doi:10.5455/rmj.20260720064329

APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Amandri, D. T., Elly, . N., Wulandari, . D. & Husni, . H. (2026) Association between self-esteem and antenatal anxiety among Generation Z women during late pregnancy: A cross-sectional study. Rawal Medical Journal, 51 (4), 1047-1050.


doi:10.5455/rmj.20260720064329

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