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Original Research
Online Published: 19 Sep 2026
 
RMJ. 2026; 51(4): 961-965


Predictors of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis: Retrospective case control study

Hira Shahzad, Muhammad Ishaq Javed, Mariam Ahmed Mujtaba, Ghazala Kaukab Raja, Pakeeza Arzoo Shaiq, Sadia Saeed.


Abstract
Objective: To identify predictive factors for extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) occurrence amongst tuberculosis individuals in Pakistan.
Methodology: This retrospective study was conducted in three hospitals in Pakistan. After data collection, association analysis was done via Pearson’s chi-squared (χ2) test, and univariate and multivariate regression models were used to evaluate odds ratios for estimating EPTB risk predictors.
Results: We identified 318 EPTB individuals in 2000 of the overall TB subjects. Within extrapulmonary sites, the most common were the pleural cavity (58%). The strongest predictors for EPTB were age (0-5 years) [p=0.007, OR=3.01(1.31-6.56)] and disease relapse.
Conclusion: Our study identified significant clinical and hematological characteristics associated with EPTB. Age (0-5 years) and disease relapse are suggested predictors for EPTB, highlighting the need for targeted interventions in high-risk groups.

Key words: Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis, epidemiology, risk factors, tuberculosis.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Shahzad H, Javed MI, Mujtaba MA, Raja GK, Shaiq PA, Saeed S. Predictors of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis: Retrospective case control study. RMJ. 2026; 51(4): 961-965.

Web Style

Shahzad H, Javed MI, Mujtaba MA, Raja GK, Shaiq PA, Saeed S. Predictors of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis: Retrospective case control study. https://www.rmj.org.pk/?mno=290757 [Access: November 11, 2026].

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Shahzad H, Javed MI, Mujtaba MA, Raja GK, Shaiq PA, Saeed S. Predictors of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis: Retrospective case control study. RMJ. 2026; 51(4): 961-965.


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Shahzad H, Javed MI, Mujtaba MA, Raja GK, Shaiq PA, Saeed S. Predictors of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis: Retrospective case control study. RMJ. (2026), [cited November 11, 2026]; 51(4): 961-965.


Harvard Style

Shahzad, H., Javed, . M. I., Mujtaba, . M. A., Raja, . G. K., Shaiq, . P. A. & Saeed, . S. (2026) Predictors of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis: Retrospective case control study. RMJ, 51 (4), 961-965.


Turabian Style

Shahzad, Hira, Muhammad Ishaq Javed, Mariam Ahmed Mujtaba, Ghazala Kaukab Raja, Pakeeza Arzoo Shaiq, and Sadia Saeed. 2026. Predictors of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis: Retrospective case control study. Rawal Medical Journal, 51 (4), 961-965.


Chicago Style

Shahzad, Hira, Muhammad Ishaq Javed, Mariam Ahmed Mujtaba, Ghazala Kaukab Raja, Pakeeza Arzoo Shaiq, and Sadia Saeed. "Predictors of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis: Retrospective case control study." Rawal Medical Journal 51 (2026), 961-965.


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Shahzad, Hira, Muhammad Ishaq Javed, Mariam Ahmed Mujtaba, Ghazala Kaukab Raja, Pakeeza Arzoo Shaiq, and Sadia Saeed. "Predictors of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis: Retrospective case control study." Rawal Medical Journal 51.4 (2026), 961-965. Print.


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Shahzad, H., Javed, . M. I., Mujtaba, . M. A., Raja, . G. K., Shaiq, . P. A. & Saeed, . S. (2026) Predictors of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis: Retrospective case control study. Rawal Medical Journal, 51 (4), 961-965.



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