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Original Research 
RMJ. 2026; 51(2): 336-339


Antibiotic resistance against fluoroquinolones in pneumonia

Samia Perwaiz Khan, Muhammad Sarmad Khan, Sameena Ahmed, Saima Hanif, Rubina Ghani, Ajeet Kumar.


Abstract
Objective: To determine the frequency of antibiotic resistance in pneumonia against fluoroquinolones.
Methodology: This prospective observational study included a sample size of 100 sputum and blood samples collected from Medicare and Cardiac General Hospital, as well as Sohail Trust Hospital. Karachi, Pakistan. The samples were tested for culture and sensitivity, and the antibiotic susceptibility pattern was recorded. The fluoroquinolone-resistant pneumonia was tested by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. The fluroquinolone resistant sputum and blood samples were used to identify the presence of QRDR genes (gyrA, gyrB) was screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification.
Results: The frequency of sensitivity of isolates to fluoroquinolones was 75%, and resistance was 25%. Among isolates, PCR analysis revealed a statistically significant association between fluoroquinolone resistance and the presence of gyrA (p<0.001) and gyrB (p=0.021) genes.
Conclusion: There was an increased frequency of fluoroquinolone resistance in patients developing hospital-acquired pneumonia. The prevalence of gyr A gene was high among QRDR determinants, compared by gyr B.

Key words: fluoroquinolones, antibiotic resistance, hospital acquired pneumonia, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Khan SP, Khan MS, Ahmed S, Hanif S, Ghani R, Kumar A. Antibiotic resistance against fluoroquinolones in pneumonia. RMJ. 2026; 51(2): 336-339.

Web Style

Khan SP, Khan MS, Ahmed S, Hanif S, Ghani R, Kumar A. Antibiotic resistance against fluoroquinolones in pneumonia. https://www.rmj.org.pk/?mno=284126 [Access: June 22, 2026].

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Khan SP, Khan MS, Ahmed S, Hanif S, Ghani R, Kumar A. Antibiotic resistance against fluoroquinolones in pneumonia. RMJ. 2026; 51(2): 336-339.


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Khan SP, Khan MS, Ahmed S, Hanif S, Ghani R, Kumar A. Antibiotic resistance against fluoroquinolones in pneumonia. RMJ. (2026), [cited June 22, 2026]; 51(2): 336-339.


Harvard Style

Khan, S. P., Khan, . M. S., Ahmed, . S., Hanif, . S., Ghani, . R. & Kumar, . A. (2026) Antibiotic resistance against fluoroquinolones in pneumonia. RMJ, 51 (2), 336-339.


Turabian Style

Khan, Samia Perwaiz, Muhammad Sarmad Khan, Sameena Ahmed, Saima Hanif, Rubina Ghani, and Ajeet Kumar. 2026. Antibiotic resistance against fluoroquinolones in pneumonia. Rawal Medical Journal, 51 (2), 336-339.


Chicago Style

Khan, Samia Perwaiz, Muhammad Sarmad Khan, Sameena Ahmed, Saima Hanif, Rubina Ghani, and Ajeet Kumar. "Antibiotic resistance against fluoroquinolones in pneumonia." Rawal Medical Journal 51 (2026), 336-339.


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Khan, Samia Perwaiz, Muhammad Sarmad Khan, Sameena Ahmed, Saima Hanif, Rubina Ghani, and Ajeet Kumar. "Antibiotic resistance against fluoroquinolones in pneumonia." Rawal Medical Journal 51.2 (2026), 336-339. Print.


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Khan, S. P., Khan, . M. S., Ahmed, . S., Hanif, . S., Ghani, . R. & Kumar, . A. (2026) Antibiotic resistance against fluoroquinolones in pneumonia. Rawal Medical Journal, 51 (2), 336-339.


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