A comparative efficacy analysis of ciprofloxacin and linezolid with herbal extract of piper betel against Gram-positive and Negative bacteria: An in vitro study

Mahanoor; Ahmed Umer Sohaib; Maryam Zaib

2026, Vol: 51, Issue: 4

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Original Research
Online Published: 31 Aug 2026

RMJ. 2026; 51(4): 899-902

A comparative efficacy analysis of ciprofloxacin and linezolid with herbal extract of piper betel against Gram-positive and Negative bacteria: An in vitro study

Mahanoor, Ahmed Umer Sohaib, Maryam Zaib.

Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the antibacterial effects of Piper betel leaves (PBL) and compare them with Ciprofloxacin and Linezolid against Gram-positive and negative bacteria.
Methodology: This in vitro study was conducted in the Microbiology lab of Azra Naheed Medical College, Superior University, Lahore, from April to July 2024. PBLs were collected, shade dried, grinded, and extracted using a Soxhlet apparatus in ethanol solvent. The antimicrobial activities of PBL were tested against the gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative bacterial strains (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli), observing the zone of inhibition (ZOI) by using the agar well diffusion method. The drugs used for comparison were Ciprofloxacin and Linezolid.
Results: PBL at 0.050g/ml had the most inhibitory effect i.e., 35 mm on the growth of E. coli as compared to Ciprofloxacin i.e., 16 mm at same dose. Moreover, PBL showed ZOI of 55 mm against Staphylococcus aureus at 0.100g/ml when compared with Linezolid i.e. 42mm. PBL also demonstrated anti-bacterial effects against Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa but lower than Ciprofloxacin.
Conclusion: PBL can be used as an alternative to Ciprofloxacin and Linezolid in treating diarrhea, UTI, and skin infections caused by E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively.

Key words: Agar well diffusion method, Escherichia coli, Piper betel leaves, Staphylococcus aureus, zone of inhibition.

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Pubmed Style

Mahanoor, Sohaib AU, Zaib M. A comparative efficacy analysis of ciprofloxacin and linezolid with herbal extract of piper betel against Gram-positive and Negative bacteria: An in vitro study. RMJ. 2026; 51(4): 899-902.

Web Style

Mahanoor, Sohaib AU, Zaib M. A comparative efficacy analysis of ciprofloxacin and linezolid with herbal extract of piper betel against Gram-positive and Negative bacteria: An in vitro study. https://www.rmj.org.pk/?mno=277883 [Access: November 11, 2026].

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Mahanoor, Sohaib AU, Zaib M. A comparative efficacy analysis of ciprofloxacin and linezolid with herbal extract of piper betel against Gram-positive and Negative bacteria: An in vitro study. RMJ. 2026; 51(4): 899-902.

Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Harvard Style

Mahanoor, Sohaib, . A. U. & Zaib, . M. (2026) A comparative efficacy analysis of ciprofloxacin and linezolid with herbal extract of piper betel against Gram-positive and Negative bacteria: An in vitro study. RMJ, 51 (4), 899-902.

Turabian Style

Mahanoor, Ahmed Umer Sohaib, and Maryam Zaib. 2026. A comparative efficacy analysis of ciprofloxacin and linezolid with herbal extract of piper betel against Gram-positive and Negative bacteria: An in vitro study. Rawal Medical Journal, 51 (4), 899-902.

Chicago Style

Mahanoor, Ahmed Umer Sohaib, and Maryam Zaib. "A comparative efficacy analysis of ciprofloxacin and linezolid with herbal extract of piper betel against Gram-positive and Negative bacteria: An in vitro study." Rawal Medical Journal 51 (2026), 899-902.

MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

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