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Review Article 


Safe transfer of critically ill surgical patients: A systematic review of theoretical models, clinical protocols, and risk management strategies

Amel Eltahir Ahmed, Ashraf Abdelrhman Elmdni, Insaf Hassan Mohammed, Dalia Ahmed Ahmed, Amani Ali Kappi, Eatdal Balla Ali.


Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the theoretical frameworks, safety protocols, and risk management strategies associated with the transfer of critically ill surgical patients.

Methodology: Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a structured literature search was performed in PubMed, CINAHL, SCOPUS, and Cochrane Library for studies published from 2014 to 2024. Keywords included “safe transfer,” “critically ill,” “surgical patients,” and “risk management.” Inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined, and study quality was assessed using the JBI and CASP tools. Thematic synthesis was employed for data interpretation.
Results: Thirty-five studies met the inclusion criteria. Findings revealed four key themes: risk factors and complications, deficiencies in nursing knowledge, protocol, and equipment inconsistencies, and multidisciplinary coordination gaps. Theoretical models, including Benner’s and Kolb’s frameworks, were analyzed in clinical practice.
Conclusion: Ensuring safe transfers necessitates standardized training, protocol adherence, and effective interdisciplinary communication. Practical recommendations include structured simulation training, checklist implementation, and role-defined transport teams.

Key words: Systematic review, critical care transfer, risk management, clinical protocols, theoretical models.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Ahmed AE, Elmdni AA, Mohammed IH, Ahmed DA, Kappi AA, Ali EB. Safe transfer of critically ill surgical patients: A systematic review of theoretical models, clinical protocols, and risk management strategies. RMJ. 2025; 50(4): 1091-1095. doi:10.5455/rmj.20250620084617

Web Style

Ahmed AE, Elmdni AA, Mohammed IH, Ahmed DA, Kappi AA, Ali EB. Safe transfer of critically ill surgical patients: A systematic review of theoretical models, clinical protocols, and risk management strategies. https://www.rmj.org.pk/?mno=265725 [Access: October 30, 2025]. doi:10.5455/rmj.20250620084617

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Ahmed AE, Elmdni AA, Mohammed IH, Ahmed DA, Kappi AA, Ali EB. Safe transfer of critically ill surgical patients: A systematic review of theoretical models, clinical protocols, and risk management strategies. RMJ. 2025; 50(4): 1091-1095. doi:10.5455/rmj.20250620084617


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Ahmed AE, Elmdni AA, Mohammed IH, Ahmed DA, Kappi AA, Ali EB. Safe transfer of critically ill surgical patients: A systematic review of theoretical models, clinical protocols, and risk management strategies. RMJ. (2025), [cited October 30, 2025]; 50(4): 1091-1095. doi:10.5455/rmj.20250620084617


Harvard Style

Ahmed, A. E., Elmdni, . A. A., Mohammed, . I. H., Ahmed, . D. A., Kappi, . A. A. & Ali, . E. B. (2025) Safe transfer of critically ill surgical patients: A systematic review of theoretical models, clinical protocols, and risk management strategies. RMJ, 50 (4), 1091-1095. doi:10.5455/rmj.20250620084617


Turabian Style

Ahmed, Amel Eltahir, Ashraf Abdelrhman Elmdni, Insaf Hassan Mohammed, Dalia Ahmed Ahmed, Amani Ali Kappi, and Eatdal Balla Ali. 2025. Safe transfer of critically ill surgical patients: A systematic review of theoretical models, clinical protocols, and risk management strategies. Rawal Medical Journal, 50 (4), 1091-1095. doi:10.5455/rmj.20250620084617


Chicago Style

Ahmed, Amel Eltahir, Ashraf Abdelrhman Elmdni, Insaf Hassan Mohammed, Dalia Ahmed Ahmed, Amani Ali Kappi, and Eatdal Balla Ali. "Safe transfer of critically ill surgical patients: A systematic review of theoretical models, clinical protocols, and risk management strategies." Rawal Medical Journal 50 (2025), 1091-1095. doi:10.5455/rmj.20250620084617


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Ahmed, Amel Eltahir, Ashraf Abdelrhman Elmdni, Insaf Hassan Mohammed, Dalia Ahmed Ahmed, Amani Ali Kappi, and Eatdal Balla Ali. "Safe transfer of critically ill surgical patients: A systematic review of theoretical models, clinical protocols, and risk management strategies." Rawal Medical Journal 50.4 (2025), 1091-1095. Print. doi:10.5455/rmj.20250620084617


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Ahmed, A. E., Elmdni, . A. A., Mohammed, . I. H., Ahmed, . D. A., Kappi, . A. A. & Ali, . E. B. (2025) Safe transfer of critically ill surgical patients: A systematic review of theoretical models, clinical protocols, and risk management strategies. Rawal Medical Journal, 50 (4), 1091-1095. doi:10.5455/rmj.20250620084617


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