ISSN 0303-5212
 
2025, Vol: 50, Issue: 2
50 / 2Current Issue Online FirstArchiveAims and ScopeAbstracting & IndexingMost Accessed ArticlesMost Downloaded ArticlesMost Cited Articles
Required files to be uploaded

Author_Certificate
Bank Reciept

Original Research 
RMJ. 2025; 50(2): 462-465


Misuses of anabolic androgenic steroid and its associated psychological distress in Pakistani bodybuilders

Basharat Hussain, Muhammad Tahir Khalily, Sabir Zaman, Amna Imtiaz, Sumaya Batool, Muhammad Yasir Khalily.


Abstract
Objective: To explore the association between irrational use of anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) and its psychological consequences particularly focusing on the method of administration.
Methodology: In this cross-sectional study, 120 athletes participated, selected through purposive sampling technique. Of these, 67 were using injectable forms of AAS, while 53 were using tablets. The data were collected through self-administered questionnaires. Psychiatric symptoms were assessed using an Urdu translated version of symptoms checklist, while Intensity of anger was measured using the Novaca Anger Inventory. Suicide tendencies were assessed using Beck Suicide Scale.
Results: We found that 52.5% bodybuilders preferred testosterone as their AAS of choice, surpassing the usage of other steroids. A substantial portion of athletes (47.5%) acquired these substances based on recommendations from their friends and peers. Athletes utilizing AAS in tablet form had significantly higher scores on the Beck Suicidal Inventory compared to those using injectable forms.
Conclusion: Bodybuilders consuming steroids in tablet form demonstrated significantly higher scores across various psychopathological dimensions such as Somatization, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, and interpersonal problems, Depression, Anxiety, Phobia, Paranoid, Psychoticism and General Severity Index. These findings suggest a potential association between the method of ASS administration and diverse psychopathological outcomes among the participants.

Key words: Anabolic androgenic, psychological distress, bodybuilder.


 
ARTICLE TOOLS
Abstract
PDF Fulltext
How to cite this articleHow to cite this article
Citation Tools
Related Records
 Articles by Basharat Hussain
Articles by Muhammad Tahir Khalily
Articles by Sabir Zaman
Articles by Amna Imtiaz
Articles by Sumaya Batool
Articles by Muhammad Yasir Khalily
on Google
on Google Scholar

How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Hussain B, Khalily MT, Zaman S, Imtiaz A, Batool S, Khalily MY. Misuses of anabolic androgenic steroid and its associated psychological distress in Pakistani bodybuilders. RMJ. 2025; 50(2): 462-465.

Web Style

Hussain B, Khalily MT, Zaman S, Imtiaz A, Batool S, Khalily MY. Misuses of anabolic androgenic steroid and its associated psychological distress in Pakistani bodybuilders. https://www.rmj.org.pk/?mno=192423 [Access: May 12, 2025].

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Hussain B, Khalily MT, Zaman S, Imtiaz A, Batool S, Khalily MY. Misuses of anabolic androgenic steroid and its associated psychological distress in Pakistani bodybuilders. RMJ. 2025; 50(2): 462-465.


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Hussain B, Khalily MT, Zaman S, Imtiaz A, Batool S, Khalily MY. Misuses of anabolic androgenic steroid and its associated psychological distress in Pakistani bodybuilders. RMJ. (2025), [cited May 12, 2025]; 50(2): 462-465.


Harvard Style

Hussain, B., Khalily, . M. T., Zaman, . S., Imtiaz, . A., Batool, . S. & Khalily, . M. Y. (2025) Misuses of anabolic androgenic steroid and its associated psychological distress in Pakistani bodybuilders. RMJ, 50 (2), 462-465.


Turabian Style

Hussain, Basharat, Muhammad Tahir Khalily, Sabir Zaman, Amna Imtiaz, Sumaya Batool, and Muhammad Yasir Khalily. 2025. Misuses of anabolic androgenic steroid and its associated psychological distress in Pakistani bodybuilders. Rawal Medical Journal, 50 (2), 462-465.


Chicago Style

Hussain, Basharat, Muhammad Tahir Khalily, Sabir Zaman, Amna Imtiaz, Sumaya Batool, and Muhammad Yasir Khalily. "Misuses of anabolic androgenic steroid and its associated psychological distress in Pakistani bodybuilders." Rawal Medical Journal 50 (2025), 462-465.


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Hussain, Basharat, Muhammad Tahir Khalily, Sabir Zaman, Amna Imtiaz, Sumaya Batool, and Muhammad Yasir Khalily. "Misuses of anabolic androgenic steroid and its associated psychological distress in Pakistani bodybuilders." Rawal Medical Journal 50.2 (2025), 462-465. Print.


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Hussain, B., Khalily, . M. T., Zaman, . S., Imtiaz, . A., Batool, . S. & Khalily, . M. Y. (2025) Misuses of anabolic androgenic steroid and its associated psychological distress in Pakistani bodybuilders. Rawal Medical Journal, 50 (2), 462-465.


Author LoginReviewer LoginEditorial PoliciesConflict of Interest PolicyPlagiarism PolicyAdvertising Policy

About Rawal Medical Journal

Publication, subscription and Editorial office PMA House G/220-B Liaquat Road, Rawalpindi. Phone: 051-555-9812, Fax: 051-553-7088 Email: drnkhokhar@ya ... Read more.



For best results, please use Internet Explorer or Google Chrome.

Contact Information